Testing & Tracking
APOB vs LDL — The Right Atherogenic Marker
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the structural protein on every atherogenic lipoprotein particle — LDL, VLDL, IDL, chylomicron remnants, and lipoprotein(a). Each of these particles carries exactly one apoB molecule, which means circulating apoB…
CGM for Non-Diabetic Optimization
Continuous glucose monitoring devices have been the standard of care in insulin-dependent diabetes for over a decade — Dexcom and Abbott Libre systems track interstitial glucose every 1–15 minutes via a small subcutaneous sensor worn for 10–15 days,…
Cleerly / AI-Analyzed CT Coronary Angiography
Cleerly is an AI-powered analysis platform applied to coronary CT angiography (CCTA), the contrast-enhanced cardiac CT that visualizes both calcified and non-calcified plaque in the coronary arteries. Where coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring…
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Scoring
Coronary artery calcium scoring is a non-contrast CT scan of the heart that quantifies calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. The Agatston score, derived from the area and density of calcified deposits, has been the standard…
DEXA Scan — Bone Density and Body Composition
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, sometimes written DXA) is the gold-standard imaging modality for measuring bone mineral density and the most accurate consumer-accessible method for measuring body composition (fat mass, lean mass, visceral…
DUTCH Urine Hormone Testing
The DUTCH test (Dried Urine Test for Comprehensive Hormones, Precision Analytical) measures a panel of steroid hormones and their metabolites from dried urine spots collected at specified times across a 24-hour period. The test has become a popular…
Eight Sleep, ChiliSleep, and Temperature-Controlled Sleep Tech
Active mattress temperature control — water-circulated cooling and heating beneath a fitted topper — has emerged from a niche sleep-optimization product category into one of the most-evidenced consumer sleep interventions of the past decade. The…
Epigenetic Age Clocks — TruDiagnostic vs DunedinPACE vs GlycanAge
"Biological age" — as distinct from chronological age — has become one of the most-marketed concepts in the longevity consumer space. The underlying science is real and increasingly substantial: it is now well-established that certain DNA…
Full-Body MRI (Prenuvo, Ezra, Q Bio)
Full-body magnetic resonance imaging — sold under brands including Prenuvo, Ezra, and Q Bio — is a consumer-direct whole-body MRI scan marketed for early detection of cancer and incidental findings. The scans take approximately 45–60 minutes,…
Galleri — Multi-Cancer Early Detection
Galleri is a blood test developed by GRAIL (now an independent public company after spin-off from Illumina) that detects cell-free DNA shed by cancer into the circulation. Using methylation pattern analysis on a panel of ~100,000 genomic sites,…
Hormone Testing Methodology — LC-MS/MS vs Immunoassay
Steroid hormone measurement in blood is dominated by two distinct technologies. Immunoassay — the standard method used by most commercial U.S. clinical laboratories for testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and most other steroid hormones — uses…
HRV Interpretation & Training Apps
Heart rate variability has become one of the most-marketed metrics in consumer wearable health tracking. The underlying physiology is real and well-characterized: variation in time between successive heartbeats reflects autonomic nervous system…
Lipoprotein(a) — Testing and Management
Lipoprotein(a), abbreviated Lp(a) and pronounced "L-P-little-a," is an LDL-like lipoprotein particle with a specific protein attachment — apolipoprotein(a) — that makes it independently atherogenic. Roughly 20% of the global population — about 1.4…
Lumen — Metabolic Flexibility Tracking
Lumen is a consumer-direct handheld device that measures CO₂ concentration in a single exhaled breath, computes the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and reports a number indicating whether the user is metabolically in a fat-burning or…
Microbiome Testing — Viome, ZOE, Sun Genomics
Consumer microbiome testing has emerged as a substantial commercial category over the past decade, with companies including Viome, ZOE, Sun Genomics, Thryve, DayTwo, and various direct-to-consumer offerings sequencing stool samples and returning…
Polysomnography vs Home Sleep Apnea Testing
Sleep-disordered breathing — primarily obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) — is one of the most common, most underdiagnosed, and most consequential conditions in adult medicine. Untreated moderate-to-severe OSA is associated with hypertension, atrial…
PSA Testing Strategy and Interpretation
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has been the central screening tool for prostate cancer since the late 1980s. The history of PSA screening is one of the most-debated topics in cancer screening medicine — early enthusiasm produced substantial…
SIBO Breath Testing — Glucose, Lactulose, and Trio-Smart
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) describes an excessive concentration of bacteria in the small intestine, traditionally defined as ≥10⁵ colony-forming units per mL on small bowel aspirate. The condition has been increasingly diagnosed…
The Comprehensive Thyroid Panel
Thyroid evaluation in U.S. clinical practice traditionally starts with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) — the most sensitive marker of thyroid status in adults with intact hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function. Free T4, free T3, reverse T3,…
VO2max Testing — Methods Comparison
VO2max — maximum oxygen consumption during exhaustive exercise — is the single most predictive fitness metric for all-cause mortality across multiple longitudinal cohort studies. Companion to the existing Vanguard VO2max Maximization Protocols…
WatchPAT and Consumer Sleep Trackers — Validity for Sleep
Wrist-worn and finger-worn sleep tracking has become ubiquitous in the optimization community. Two distinct categories of devices are commonly confused: FDA-cleared home sleep apnea test (HSAT) devices like WatchPAT (Itamar Medical), and consumer…
Wearable Comparison — Oura vs Whoop vs Apple Watch vs Garmin
The wearable category dominant in the optimization community in 2026 reduces to four products: the Oura Ring Generation 4, the Whoop 4.0 (with the newer 5.0 sensor band launching), the Apple Watch Series 10, and the Garmin Fenix/Forerunner line.…
Compounds & Therapies
5-Amino-1MQ — NNMT Inhibitor
5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide (5-amino-1MQ) is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), the enzyme that methylates nicotinamide using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. Two metabolic problems flow from…
Apomorphine for Erectile Dysfunction
Apomorphine is a non-selective dopamine receptor agonist with a long history in medicine — originally used as an emetic in poisoning treatment, more recently in Parkinson's disease management (subcutaneous Apokyn, sublingual Kynmobi). For erectile…
Bempedoic Acid (Nexletol)
Bempedoic acid is the first ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor approved for clinical use, and the first oral non-statin to demonstrate cardiovascular outcome benefit in a large randomized trial. It lowers LDL cholesterol by inhibiting ATP-citrate lyase…
Bimagrumab (BYM338)
Bimagrumab (BYM338) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds and blocks the activin receptor type II (ActRII), preventing signaling from myostatin, activin A, and other ActRII ligands that negatively regulate skeletal muscle mass. By blocking…
Bisphosphonates Explainer
Bisphosphonates are the most-prescribed and best-evidenced class of osteoporosis treatment. They are synthetic analogs of pyrophosphate (a natural bone-binding compound) that deposit in bone at sites of active resorption. Osteoclasts take up the…
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157): A Practical Guide
Bupropion-Naltrexone (Contrave)
Bupropion-naltrexone sustained-release (brand name Contrave) is an FDA-approved combination weight-loss drug, approved in September 2014. It pairs bupropion — a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant and…
Cabergoline: A Practical Guide
Cartalax — Khavinson Short-Peptide Bioregulator for Cartilage
Cartalax (Ala-Glu-Asp, AED tripeptide) is one of approximately fifteen short-peptide bioregulators developed by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology beginning in the 1970s. The Khavinson…
Cerebrolysin
Cerebrolysin is a parenteral pharmaceutical preparation of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids derived from enzymatically processed porcine brain tissue. Manufactured by EVER Pharma since the 1970s, it is approved in more than 40…
CJC-1295: A Practical Guide
Denosumab (Prolia)
Denosumab (brand name Prolia for osteoporosis, Xgeva for bone metastasis applications, Amgen) is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand). RANKL is the principal cytokine driving osteoclast…
DORAs — Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are the first novel mechanism approved for primary insomnia since the Z-drugs (zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon) entered the market in the 1990s. Three are FDA-approved as of 2026: suvorexant (Belsomra,…
DSIP — Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a small (nine amino acid) neuropeptide first identified in 1977 by Monnier and colleagues in Switzerland, isolated from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits exposed to electrical stimulation that induced…
Epitalon (Epithalon): A Practical Guide
Estradiol (17β-Estradiol): A Practical Guide
Follistatin (FST-344)
Follistatin is a glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes myostatin (GDF-8), activin A, and several bone morphogenetic proteins. Because myostatin is the dominant brake on skeletal-muscle growth, blocking myostatin produces dramatic muscle…
GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide): A Practical Guide
GHRP-2 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2): A Practical Guide
GHRP-6: A Practical Guide
Glucosamine and Chondroitin — The Honest 2026 Read
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are naturally occurring compounds found in healthy cartilage. Glucosamine is an amino sugar used by the body in glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan synthesis; chondroitin sulfate is a long-chain sulfated…
Growth Hormone (Human Growth Hormone, HGH): A Practical Guide
Growth Hormone Secretagogues (Sermorelin, CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, GHRP Class): A Practical Guide
Hexarelin
Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) developed in the early 1990s as part of the GHRP-2/GHRP-6/hexarelin family. At equivalent doses, hexarelin produces growth hormone pulses larger than GHRP-2 or GHRP-6,…
Inclisiran (Leqvio)
Inclisiran is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutic that silences the production of PCSK9 in the liver. Functionally, the result is the same as the monoclonal antibody PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab, alirocumab): more LDL receptors on hepatocyte…
Ipamorelin: A Practical Guide
Ketamine Therapy
Ketamine is an NMDA-receptor antagonist that has been on the U.S. market as an anesthetic since 1970. In the early 2000s, NIH-funded work demonstrated that sub-anesthetic doses (~0.5 mg/kg IV over 40 minutes) produce rapid and substantial…
Losartan — The Uricosuric ARB with a Marfan and TGF-β Story
Losartan (Cozaar, first FDA-approved 1995) is the prototype angiotensin II receptor blocker. It shares the class-level mechanism (selective AT1 receptor blockade), core indications (hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, cardiovascular…
Low-Dose Doxepin (Silenor)
Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been on the U.S. market since 1969. At antidepressant doses (75–300 mg/day), it has the classic tricyclic side-effect profile — anticholinergic dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, orthostatic…
Macular Protection Stack (AREDS2)
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and its successor AREDS2 are among the most rigorously conducted nutritional intervention trials in modern medicine. Funded by the National Eye Institute and conducted over more than two decades, the trials…
Microdosing Psychedelics
Microdosing is the practice of taking sub-perceptual doses of a classical psychedelic — most commonly psilocybin (roughly 0.1–0.5 g of dried Psilocybe cubensis, or about 1–3 mg of pure psilocybin) or LSD (approximately 5–20 mcg) — every few days,…
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c): A Practical Guide
N-Acetyl Semax and N-Acetyl Selank
Semax (a synthetic analog of the N-terminal fragment of ACTH 4-10) and Selank (a synthetic analog of tuftsin) were developed by Russian scientific research institutes beginning in the 1980s-1990s. Both are registered medications in Russia for…
Nattokinase — Fibrinolytic Enzyme Supplement
Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme extracted from natto, the traditional Japanese fermented soybean food. It was discovered and characterized by Sumi and colleagues in 1987 as the active fibrinolytic constituent in natto, with strong in vitro…
Noopept
Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) is a synthetic dipeptide developed in Russia in the mid-1990s at the Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. It was developed as a more potent analogue of piracetam —…
Oral Minoxidil (Low-Dose)
Minoxidil is a potassium channel opener originally developed as an antihypertensive in the 1970s. The hair-growth side effect was noticed quickly; topical minoxidil was approved for androgenetic alopecia in 1988 and became the dominant…
Pharmaceutical-Grade GABA
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Oral GABA supplements have been marketed for decades for stress, anxiety, sleep, and general relaxation. The classical neuroscience…
Phentermine/Topiramate (Qsymia) — Second-Line Anti-Obesity in the GLP-1 Era
Qsymia is a fixed-dose combination of immediate-release phentermine (a sympathomimetic appetite suppressant) and extended-release topiramate (an anticonvulsant with appetite-reducing properties through multiple mechanisms), FDA-approved in July 2012…
Pinealon
Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It is part of the broader Khavinson 'short peptide' bioregulator program, which has…
Polygala Tenuifolia
Polygala tenuifolia (Chinese name: yuan zhi, 远志) is a perennial herb whose root has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over two thousand years. Classical TCM indications focused on insomnia, restlessness, palpitations, cognitive…
Progesterone (Micronized): A Practical Guide
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): A Practical Guide
Racetams — The Legacy Nootropic Class
The racetam family is the original modern nootropic drug class. Piracetam was synthesized by Corneliu Giurgea in 1964 in Belgium; the term "nootropic" itself was coined by Giurgea to describe what he believed piracetam to be. The class shares a…
Red Yeast Rice
Red yeast rice is rice fermented with the mold Monascus purpureus. The fermentation produces a family of natural-product polyketides called monacolins, the most clinically relevant of which is monacolin K. Monacolin K is identical in chemical…
Romosozumab (Evenity)
Romosozumab (brand name Evenity, Amgen/UCB) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting sclerostin, a protein secreted by osteocytes that inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoblasts. By neutralizing sclerostin, romosozumab simultaneously…
Sermorelin: A Practical Guide
Setipiprant
Setipiprant is a small-molecule antagonist of the prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2, also called CRTH2). It was originally developed as a potential treatment for asthma and allergic disorders due to PGD2's role in inflammatory responses. In 2012, a…
Setmelanotide (Imcivree)
Setmelanotide (brand name Imcivree, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals) is a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist administered as a daily subcutaneous injection. It is FDA-approved for chronic weight management in patients aged 6 years and older with obesity…
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs)
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are a family of bioactive lipid mediators derived enzymatically from omega-3 fatty acids — primarily EPA and DHA. They include the resolvins (E-series from EPA, D-series from DHA), protectins (from DHA),…
SSRIs — Long-Term Use and PSSD
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, fluvoxamine — and the closely related SNRIs (venlafaxine, duloxetine) are among the most-prescribed medication classes in modern…
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment): A Practical Guide
The Next-Generation GLP-1s: Retatrutide, Survodutide, Pemvidutide, and CagriSema
Four investigational compounds reshaping the weight-loss and metabolic-disease conversation in 2025-2026. What the trials actually showed, where each one differs mechanistically, and how to think about them now versus when they reach the pharmacy.
Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4): A Practical Guide
Thymulin: A Practical Guide
Tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro)
Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide agonist of both the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. FDA-approved as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes (2022) and as Zepbound for chronic…
Topical Finasteride and Dutasteride
Oral finasteride (1 mg/day) and oral dutasteride (0.5 mg/day) are the most-evidenced medical therapies for male androgenetic alopecia. Both work by inhibiting 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to the more potent…
Trazodone for Sleep
Trazodone is an FDA-approved antidepressant from 1981 that has, almost entirely off-label, become the most-prescribed sleep medication in the United States. At antidepressant doses (150–600 mg/day), it is an SSRI-era predecessor with a tolerability…
Trimix Injections
Trimix is a compounded intracavernosal injection containing three vasoactive drugs: alprostadil (a prostaglandin E1 analog), papaverine (a smooth-muscle relaxant), and phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic antagonist). Self-administered by…
TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid)
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine-conjugated form of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid produced naturally in humans in small quantities. In Europe it has been used clinically since the 1990s for cholestatic liver…
Vuity and Pilocarpine Drops for Presbyopia
Presbyopia — the age-related loss of near vision accommodation that affects essentially all adults by their mid-40s — has been managed historically through reading glasses, bifocals, progressive lenses, contact lens monovision, and surgical…
Procedures & Modalities
Exosomes for Skin and Hair
Exosomes are nanoscale (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cell types as a normal mechanism of intercellular signaling. They carry a defined cargo of proteins, lipids, mRNA, and microRNAs that reflects the parent cell's…
Hypochlorous Acid Skincare
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an endogenous molecule produced by neutrophils as part of the innate immune system's pathogen defense. It is a potent oxidizing agent that kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses through oxidation of microbial proteins, while…
Mandelic Acid
Mandelic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from bitter almonds. It is structurally similar to glycolic acid and lactic acid but with a substantially larger molecular structure (152.15 g/mol vs glycolic at 76 g/mol). The larger molecule…
Methylene Blue (Topical)
Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine dye first synthesized in 1876 and used clinically for over a century — as a treatment for methemoglobinemia (FDA-approved indication), as a urinary tract analgesic, and as a surgical dye…
Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy for Men
Pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) for men is one of the most under-prescribed, under-recognized evidence-based interventions in men's health. The male pelvic floor — including the levator ani, coccygeus, and supporting muscle groups — is integral…
Polylactic Acid (Sculptra) Biostimulator
Sculptra (poly-L-lactic acid, PLLA) is an injectable biostimulator developed by Sanofi-Aventis (now Galderma). Unlike hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, which physically occupy volume at injection sites, Sculptra works by triggering a controlled…
Polynucleotides (Rejuran and Analogs)
Polynucleotides (PN) are short fragments of DNA, typically extracted from the gonadal tissue of Pacific salmon, processed to produce a defined molecular-weight range of nucleotide chains. The most-recognized branded product is Rejuran…
Strength Training for Longevity
Skeletal muscle is increasingly recognized in the longevity literature as a metabolic and endocrine organ — a glucose disposal sink, an endocrine signaling source (myokines), a reserve for the metabolic challenges of acute illness and recovery, and…
VO2max Maximization Protocols
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) is the single most predictive fitness metric for all-cause mortality across multiple population studies — more predictive than smoking, hypertension, diabetes, or any other commonly measured risk factor. Each one-MET…
Protocols & Reference
Carnivore Diet — Sober Review
The carnivore diet — exclusive or near-exclusive consumption of animal products, eliminating all plants — has grown from a fringe practice associated with Shawn Baker and Mikhaila Peterson around 2018 into a major cultural movement with millions of…
Fasting-Mimicking Diet (Prolon)
The fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is a 5-day, low-calorie, low-protein, low-carbohydrate dietary protocol developed by Valter Longo's group at USC and commercialized as the Prolon program (L-Nutra). The protocol provides about 4,600 kJ (\(~1,100\)…
Prolonged Fasting (3, 5, 7 Day)
Prolonged water-only or near-water-only fasting — typically 3, 5, or 7 days — has emerged from a niche longevity practice into a recurring feature of the men's optimization conversation. The mechanistic case is interesting: prolonged fasting drives…
Time-Restricted Eating
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is the practice of confining all daily caloric intake to a defined window — most commonly 8 hours (16:8), 10 hours (14:10), 6 hours (18:6), or one meal per day (23:1, OMAD). The intervention has exploded in cultural…
Practices & Lifestyle
ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors): A Practical Guide
Acupuncture: A Practical Guide
AHCC — Active Hexose Correlated Compound
AHCC is a fermented shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mycelia extract produced exclusively by Amino Up Co., a Sapporo-based supplement manufacturer. It is sold under multiple consumer brand labels but is the same underlying ingredient in every product…
AICAR
AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), also called acadesine or simply AICA riboside, is an AMP analog that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) — the central cellular energy sensor and metabolic regulator. Activation of…
Akkermansia muciniphila: A Practical Guide
ALA (Alpha-Linolenic Acid): A Practical Guide
Aloe Vera: A Practical Guide
Anthocyanins: A Practical Guide
Arabinogalactan: A Practical Guide
ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers): A Practical Guide
Astragalus: A Practical Guide
Bacopa Monnieri: A Practical Guide
BCAAs: Isoleucine & Valine (and the BCAA Context)
Berberine vs Metformin
Metformin is the most-prescribed glucose-lowering medication in the world, with over six decades of clinical use, validated efficacy in type 2 diabetes, an extensive safety database, an emerging longevity literature, and a generic cash price of…
Bergamot Extract (BPF)
Bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) is a standardized extract of the peel and juice of Citrus bergamia, the same fruit responsible for the flavor of Earl Grey tea. The bioactive content is dominated by flavonoid glycosides — neohesperidin,…
Beta-Alanine
Beta-Blockers and Aging: A Practical Guide
Beta-Carotene: A Practical Guide
Bifidobacterium Strains: A Practical Guide
Biotin (Vitamin B7): A Practical Guide
Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia): A Practical Guide
Boswellia: A Practical Guide
Bromantane
Bromantane (N-(2-adamantyl)-4-bromoaniline) is a Russian-developed compound classified as an 'actoprotector' — a class describing agents that increase physical and cognitive performance under stress without the side-effect profile of classical…
Butyrate (Sodium Butyrate / Tributyrin): A Practical Guide
Calcium: A Practical Guide
Chiropractic & Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: A Practical Guide
Choline: A Practical Guide
Chromium: A Practical Guide
Cinnamon: A Practical Guide
Citrus Bioflavonoids: A Practical Guide
CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid): A Practical Guide
Cocoa Flavanols: A Practical Guide
Copper: A Practical Guide
Dasatinib + Quercetin (D+Q Senolytic Combination): A Practical Guide
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid): A Practical Guide
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate): A Practical Guide
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng): A Practical Guide
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid): A Practical Guide
Exosome Biologics: A Practical Guide
Fenugreek: A Practical Guide
Fish Oil: The Right Molecule, the Wrong Dose
Folate (Methylfolate / Folic Acid): A Practical Guide
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS): A Practical Guide
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS): A Practical Guide
Garlic (Allicin): A Practical Guide
Ginger (Zingiber officinale): A Practical Guide
Ginkgo Biloba: A Practical Guide
GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid): A Practical Guide
Glutathione (GSH): A Practical Guide
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): A Practical Guide
Grape Seed Extract: A Practical Guide
Gymnema Sylvestre: A Practical Guide
Gynostemma Pentaphyllum: A Practical Guide
Hair Transplant — FUE, FUT, and Robotic ARTAS
Hair transplantation moves hair from a donor area at the back and sides of the scalp (which is genetically resistant to DHT-mediated miniaturization) to a recipient area at the front and crown (which is not). The transplanted hairs retain their…
Hawthorn: A Practical Guide
High-Dose Niacin for Lipids
Niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) at pharmacologic doses (typically 1,500-2,000 mg/day) has substantial effects on the lipid profile — raising HDL by 15-35%, lowering triglycerides by 20-50%, lowering LDL by 5-25%, and lowering lipoprotein(a) by…
Holy Basil (Tulsi): A Practical Guide
Iodine: A Practical Guide
Iron: A Practical Guide
Ketoconazole Shampoo for AGA
Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal medication. As a topical shampoo (typically 2% ketoconazole in the United States as Nizoral, 1% as Nizoral A-D OTC, with various international generics), it is FDA-approved for treatment of seborrheic…
Krill Oil: A Practical Guide
L-Arginine
L-Glutamine
L-Histidine
L-Ornithine
L-Phenylalanine & DL-Phenylalanine (DLPA)
L-Proline
L-Tryptophan
L-Tyrosine
Lactobacillus Strains: A Practical Guide
Low-Dose Colchicine for Cardiovascular Inflammation
Colchicine is an alkaloid extracted from autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), with documented medical use for over 2,000 years. Its modern indications include acute and prophylactic gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and pericarditis. Over the past…
Lutein & Zeaxanthin: A Practical Guide
Lycopene: A Practical Guide
Maca (Lepidium meyenii): A Practical Guide
Manganese: A Practical Guide
MCT Oil: A Practical Guide
Metformin: A Practical Guide
Milk Thistle (Silymarin): A Practical Guide
Mindfulness & Meditation: A Practical Guide
MitoQ (Mitoquinone): A Practical Guide
Molybdenum: A Practical Guide
NADH: A Practical Guide
Navitoclax (ABT-263): A Practical Guide
Nettle (Urtica dioica): A Practical Guide
NMN vs NR vs Niacinamide — NAD+ Precursors
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin-mediated signaling involved in aging biology. Circulating and tissue NAD+ levels decline with age in animals and humans. Multiple…
NSI-189
NSI-189 is a small-molecule compound developed by Neuralstem (now Seneca Biopharma) as a novel antidepressant working through neurogenic mechanisms — specifically, stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis. It progressed through Phase 1 and Phase 2…
Olive Leaf Extract: A Practical Guide
PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid): A Practical Guide
Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum (PHGG): A Practical Guide
PCSK9 Inhibitors: A Practical Guide
Phenibut
Phenibut (β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) is a Russian-developed compound first synthesized in the 1960s as an anxiolytic and is registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Latvia for conditions including anxiety, insomnia, and…
Phosphatidylcholine: A Practical Guide
Phosphatidylinositol: A Practical Guide
Phosphorus: A Practical Guide
Plant Sterols & Stanols: A Practical Guide
Postbiotics: A Practical Guide
Potassium: A Practical Guide
PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone): A Practical Guide
Propionyl-L-Carnitine (PLC): A Practical Guide
Protein Requirements for Aging Adults
The U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. That number was set decades ago based on short-term nitrogen-balance studies in young sedentary adults, and it represents the minimum required…