Testing & Tracking
APOB vs LDL — The Right Atherogenic Marker
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the structural protein on every atherogenic lipoprotein particle — LDL, VLDL, IDL, chylomicron remnants, and lipoprotein(a). Each of these particles carries exactly one apoB molecule, which means circulating apoB…
Cleerly / AI-Analyzed CT Coronary Angiography
Cleerly is an AI-powered analysis platform applied to coronary CT angiography (CCTA), the contrast-enhanced cardiac CT that visualizes both calcified and non-calcified plaque in the coronary arteries. Where coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring…
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Scoring
Coronary artery calcium scoring is a non-contrast CT scan of the heart that quantifies calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries. The Agatston score, derived from the area and density of calcified deposits, has been the standard…
Lipoprotein(a) — Testing and Management
Lipoprotein(a), abbreviated Lp(a) and pronounced "L-P-little-a," is an LDL-like lipoprotein particle with a specific protein attachment — apolipoprotein(a) — that makes it independently atherogenic. Roughly 20% of the global population — about 1.4…
Compounds & Therapies
Bempedoic Acid (Nexletol)
Bempedoic acid is the first ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor approved for clinical use, and the first oral non-statin to demonstrate cardiovascular outcome benefit in a large randomized trial. It lowers LDL cholesterol by inhibiting ATP-citrate lyase…
Citrulline (L-Citrulline)
Amino acid nitric oxide precursor for vascular function and athletic performance
CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) & Ubiquinol
A mitochondrial cofactor supporting energy production, cardiovascular health, and statin-related outcomes
Curcumin & Turmeric Extract
A powerful polyphenol supporting inflammatory control and antioxidant defense, with bioavailability optimization required
Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)
Essential omega-3 fatty acids supporting cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory health globally
Follistatin (FST-344)
Follistatin is a glycoprotein that binds and neutralizes myostatin (GDF-8), activin A, and several bone morphogenetic proteins. Because myostatin is the dominant brake on skeletal-muscle growth, blocking myostatin produces dramatic muscle…
Inclisiran (Leqvio)
Inclisiran is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutic that silences the production of PCSK9 in the liver. Functionally, the result is the same as the monoclonal antibody PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab, alirocumab): more LDL receptors on hepatocyte…
L-Carnitine Tartrate (LCLT)
Lovaza and Vascepa: How the Two Prescription Omega-3s Differ from Each Other and from OTC Fish Oil and Krill Oil
Two prescription omega-3s are commonly confused. Lovaza (EPA+DHA) treats severe hypertriglyceridemia; Vascepa (pure EPA) is the only one with cardiovascular outcomes evidence. Plus: where OTC fish oil and krill oil fit, and the dose-dependent atrial fibrillation signal.
Magnesium
An essential mineral supporting energy production, relaxation, and cardiovascular health across multiple forms
Nattokinase — Fibrinolytic Enzyme Supplement
Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme extracted from natto, the traditional Japanese fermented soybean food. It was discovered and characterized by Sumi and colleagues in 1987 as the active fibrinolytic constituent in natto, with strong in vitro…
Neprinol
Proprietary systemic enzyme blend for proteolytic and fibrinolytic support
Quercetin
Bioflavonoid antioxidant and senolytic candidate with emerging longevity research
Red Yeast Rice
Red yeast rice is rice fermented with the mold Monascus purpureus. The fermentation produces a family of natural-product polyketides called monacolins, the most clinically relevant of which is monacolin K. Monacolin K is identical in chemical…
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs)
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are a family of bioactive lipid mediators derived enzymatically from omega-3 fatty acids — primarily EPA and DHA. They include the resolvins (E-series from EPA, D-series from DHA), protectins (from DHA),…
Statins
Most prescribed drugs globally; approved for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention
Taurine
Conditionally essential amino acid for cardiac, neurological, and metabolic support
Telmisartan
ARB with unique PPAR-gamma activation; off-label optimization use emerging
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid / Pantethine)
Vitamin D3
Secosteroid hormone precursor for skeletal, immune, and metabolic health
Vitamin K2 (MK-7)
Menaquinone-7 for bone mineralization and vascular health with critical warfarin interactions
Procedures & Modalities
Compression Therapy
Device-regulated; clinical use for venous insufficiency; athletic recovery use emerging and less regulated
Hot Tub & Hydrotherapy
Unregulated practice; evidence for muscle relaxation and stress reduction; hygiene standards vary
Niacinamide (Topical)
Well-tolerated cosmetic ingredient; anti-inflammatory and barrier support
Sauna (Dry & Steam)
Unregulated wellness practice; evidence for cardiovascular and heat stress adaptation benefits
VO2max Maximization Protocols
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) is the single most predictive fitness metric for all-cause mortality across multiple population studies — more predictive than smoking, hypertension, diabetes, or any other commonly measured risk factor. Each one-MET…
Protocols & Reference
Practices & Lifestyle
ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors): A Practical Guide
Anthocyanins: A Practical Guide
ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers): A Practical Guide
Astragalus: A Practical Guide
Bergamot Extract (BPF)
Bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) is a standardized extract of the peel and juice of Citrus bergamia, the same fruit responsible for the flavor of Earl Grey tea. The bioactive content is dominated by flavonoid glycosides — neohesperidin,…
Beta-Blockers and Aging: A Practical Guide
Calcium: A Practical Guide
Citrus Bioflavonoids: A Practical Guide
Cocoa Flavanols: A Practical Guide
CoQ10 / Ubiquinol: A Practical Guide
Curcumin: A Practical Guide
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid): A Practical Guide
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid): A Practical Guide
Garlic (Allicin): A Practical Guide
GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid): A Practical Guide
Grape Seed Extract: A Practical Guide
Hawthorn: A Practical Guide
High-Dose Niacin for Lipids
Niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3) at pharmacologic doses (typically 1,500-2,000 mg/day) has substantial effects on the lipid profile — raising HDL by 15-35%, lowering triglycerides by 20-50%, lowering LDL by 5-25%, and lowering lipoprotein(a) by…
Krill Oil: A Practical Guide
L-Arginine
Low-Dose Colchicine for Cardiovascular Inflammation
Colchicine is an alkaloid extracted from autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), with documented medical use for over 2,000 years. Its modern indications include acute and prophylactic gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and pericarditis. Over the past…
Lycopene: A Practical Guide
Magnesium: A Practical Guide
Olive Leaf Extract: A Practical Guide
Omega-3 & Fish Oil: A Practical Guide
PCSK9 Inhibitors: A Practical Guide
Plant Sterols & Stanols: A Practical Guide
Potassium: A Practical Guide
Propionyl-L-Carnitine (PLC): A Practical Guide
Pycnogenol: A Practical Guide
Statins vs PCSK9 Inhibitors vs Bempedoic Acid vs Inclisiran
Modern lipid management has four major pharmacological pillars: statins (the dominant first-line therapy), PCSK9 inhibitor monoclonal antibodies (evolocumab and alirocumab, the most potent LDL-lowering option), bempedoic acid (the newer non-statin…
Vitamin D3 + K2: A Practical Guide
Vitamin E (Tocopherols & Tocotrienols): A Practical Guide
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone): A Practical Guide