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Bimagrumab (BYM338) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds and blocks the activin receptor type II (ActRII), preventing signaling from myostatin, activin A, and other ActRII ligands that negatively regulate skeletal muscle mass. By blocking…
30 May 2026
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Oral GABA supplements have been marketed for decades for stress, anxiety, sleep, and general relaxation. The classical neuroscience…
30 May 2026
Phenibut (β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) is a Russian-developed compound first synthesized in the 1960s as an anxiolytic and is registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Latvia for conditions including anxiety, insomnia, and…
30 May 2026
The racetam class — defined by a 2-pyrrolidinone (2-oxopyrrolidinyl) core structure — was the first and remains the most consequential synthetic nootropic class. Piracetam was synthesized by Corneliu Giurgea at UCB Pharma in 1964 and coined the term…
30 May 2026
Polygala tenuifolia (Chinese name: yuan zhi, 远志) is a perennial herb whose root has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over two thousand years. Classical TCM indications focused on insomnia, restlessness, palpitations, cognitive…
30 May 2026
NSI-189 is a small-molecule compound developed by Neuralstem (now Seneca Biopharma) as a novel antidepressant working through neurogenic mechanisms — specifically, stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis. It progressed through Phase 1 and Phase 2…
30 May 2026
Bromantane (N-(2-adamantyl)-4-bromoaniline) is a Russian-developed compound classified as an 'actoprotector' — a class describing agents that increase physical and cognitive performance under stress without the side-effect profile of classical…
30 May 2026
AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), also called acadesine or simply AICA riboside, is an AMP analog that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) — the central cellular energy sensor and metabolic regulator. Activation of…
30 May 2026
Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It is part of the broader Khavinson 'short peptide' bioregulator program, which has…
30 May 2026
Semax (a synthetic analog of the N-terminal fragment of ACTH 4-10) and Selank (a synthetic analog of tuftsin) were developed by Russian scientific research institutes beginning in the 1980s-1990s. Both are registered medications in Russia for…
30 May 2026
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, ursodiol) is a hydrophilic, low-toxicity bile acid that occurs naturally as a minor component of human bile (~1-3% of total bile acids) and as a major component of bear bile. Synthetic UDCA was developed in the 1970s and…
30 May 2026
Colchicine is an alkaloid extracted from autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), with documented medical use for over 2,000 years. Its modern indications include acute and prophylactic gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and pericarditis. Over the past…
30 May 2026
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