Procedures & Modalities
Adapalene: A Practical Guide
Ceramides & Barrier Repair: A Practical Guide
Exosomes for Skin and Hair
Exosomes are nanoscale (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cell types as a normal mechanism of intercellular signaling. They carry a defined cargo of proteins, lipids, mRNA, and microRNAs that reflects the parent cell's…
Hypochlorous Acid Skincare
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an endogenous molecule produced by neutrophils as part of the innate immune system's pathogen defense. It is a potent oxidizing agent that kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses through oxidation of microbial proteins, while…
Mandelic Acid
Mandelic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) derived from bitter almonds. It is structurally similar to glycolic acid and lactic acid but with a substantially larger molecular structure (152.15 g/mol vs glycolic at 76 g/mol). The larger molecule…
Methylene Blue (Topical)
Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine dye first synthesized in 1876 and used clinically for over a century — as a treatment for methemoglobinemia (FDA-approved indication), as a urinary tract analgesic, and as a surgical dye…
Polylactic Acid (Sculptra) Biostimulator
Sculptra (poly-L-lactic acid, PLLA) is an injectable biostimulator developed by Sanofi-Aventis (now Galderma). Unlike hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, which physically occupy volume at injection sites, Sculptra works by triggering a controlled…
Polynucleotides (Rejuran and Analogs)
Polynucleotides (PN) are short fragments of DNA, typically extracted from the gonadal tissue of Pacific salmon, processed to produce a defined molecular-weight range of nucleotide chains. The most-recognized branded product is Rejuran…