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Overview PT-141 (bremelanotide; synthetic amino acid sequence: Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH) is
13 May 2026
Overview TB-500 is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 17-amino-acid actin-binding domain of thymosin beta-4
13 May 2026
Overview Thymulin (also known as FTS — facteur thymique sérique, or serum thymic factor) is a nonapeptide (9 amino acids; pyroglutamate-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) produced by thymic epithelial cells (TECs) in the thymus gland. First isolated by Bach and colleagues in France in the 1970s…
13 May 2026
Overview Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a 43-amino acid, naturally occurring protein ubiquitously expressed in nearly all mammalian cells (except red blood cells) and present at high concentrations in platelets, wound fluid, and tissue in active regeneration. It is the most abundant member of the…
13 May 2026
Overview Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of antihypertensive drugs that block the AT1 receptor (angiotensin II type 1 receptor), preventing angiotensin II from exerting its vasoconstrictor, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory effects — without affecting ACE activity or…
13 May 2026
Overview Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a class of antihypertensive medications that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by the ACE enzyme, thereby reducing vasoconstriction, decreasing aldosterone secretion, and lowering blood pressure. They are among…
13 May 2026
Overview The combination of dasatinib (a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for chronic myelogenous leukemia) and quercetin (a plant flavonoid, described separately in the polyphenols monograph) represents the first clinically tested senolytic therapy — a pharmacological approach…
13 May 2026
Overview Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers) are a class of medications that competitively block catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine) binding at beta-adrenergic receptors (β1, β2, β3). They are among the oldest and most widely prescribed cardiovascular drug classes, with…
13 May 2026
Overview Metformin (dimethylbiguanide) is a first-line oral anti-hyperglycemic agent derived from galegine, a natural compound found in French
13 May 2026
Overview Glutathione (GSH; γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is the most abundant endogenous antioxidant in the human body — present at millimolar concentrations inside nearly every cell. It is a tripeptide synthesized intracellularly from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine via two ATP-dependent…
13 May 2026
Overview MitoQ (mitoquinone mesylate; [10-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl) decyl]triphenylphosphonium mesylate) is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant developed by Michael Murphy and Robin Smith at the University of Otago, New Zealand, in the late 1990s and…
13 May 2026
Overview PCSK9 inhibitors are a class of biologic agents (monoclonal antibodies) that block proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) — a circulating protein that promotes degradation of LDL receptors (LDLRs) on the surface of hepatocytes. By inhibiting PCSK9, these drugs prevent…
13 May 2026
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