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Overview Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoid polyphenols responsible for the red, purple, and blue pigments in berries, cherries, grapes, red cabbage, and black rice. They are among the most bioactive dietary polyphenols, with particularly strong evidence for cardiovascular…
13 May 2026
Overview Citrus bioflavonoids are a family of polyphenolic flavonoids abundantly found in citrus fruits—particularly in the peel, pith, and segments. Major compounds include hesperidin (found in oranges), naringenin and naringin (grapefruit), diosmin (lemon), eriocitrin (lemon juice), and…
13 May 2026
Overview Cocoa flavanols are a specific subclass of flavonoids found in Theobroma cacao—primarily epicatechin and catechin monomers, as well as their oligomeric procyanidin forms (B1–B4). Flavanol content varies enormously across cocoa products depending on fermentation, roasting, and…
13 May 2026
Overview Garlic (Allium sativum) has one of the longest histories of medicinal use in human civilization—documented in Egyptian papyri, ancient Chinese medicine, and Hippocratic texts. Its primary bioactive compound, allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), is formed enzymatically when raw garlic is…
13 May 2026
Overview Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the principal polyphenol catechin in green tea (Camellia sinensis), comprising ~50–60% of the catechin content of green tea extract (GTE). It is among the most studied plant polyphenols in biomedical research, with evidence spanning antioxidant…
13 May 2026
Overview Ginkgo biloba is one of the most ancient surviving tree species on Earth (a "living fossil") and one of the most extensively studied botanical medicines. The standardized leaf extract (EGb 761, sold as Tebonin/Tanakan/Rökan/Ginkgold) contains 24% ginkgo flavone glycosides and 6%…
13 May 2026
Overview Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, a flowering plant whose bioactive compounds—primarily gingerols (fresh ginger), shogaols (dried/heated ginger), paradols, and zingerone—have been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for over 5,000 years. Ginger has one of…
13 May 2026
Overview Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiaogulan, "immortality herb") is a climbing vine native to southern China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, used in traditional Chinese medicine as an adaptogen and longevity tonic. Its primary bioactive compounds are dammarane-type saponins called gypenosides…
13 May 2026
Overview Grape seed extract (GSE) is derived from the seeds of Vitis vinifera (wine grapes) and is highly concentrated in
13 May 2026
Overview Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment responsible for the red color of tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, guava, and papaya. Unlike beta-carotene, lycopene has no provitamin A activity. It is the most potent singlet oxygen quencher among dietary carotenoids—approximately twice as…
13 May 2026
Overview Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids (oxygenated carotenoids) that selectively accumulate in the human macula (the high-acuity central region of the retina), forming the macular pigment optical density (MPOD). They are not synthesized by the human body and must be…
13 May 2026
Overview Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed extract contains silymarin, a complex of flavonolignans—primarily silybin (silibinin), silydianin, and silychristin—with antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. Silybin is the most biologically active and…
13 May 2026
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